 |
Go Back to previous page.
Aaser, H.F., Jeppesen, E. & Soendergaard, M., 1995. Seasonal dynamics of the mysid Neomysis integer and its predation on the copepod Eurytemora affinis in a shallow hypertrophic brackish lake. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127, 47-56. Abelson, A., Weihs, D. & Loya, Y., 1994. Hydrodynamic impediments to settlement of marine propagules, and adhesive-filament solutions. Limnology and Oceanography, 39, 164-169. Aberkali, H.B. & Trueman, E.R., 1985. Effects of environmental stress on marine bivalve molluscs. Advances in Marine Biology, 22, 101-198. Able, K.W. & Hagan, S.M., 2000. Effects of common reed (Phragmites australis) invasion on marsh surface macrofauna: response of fishes and decapod crustaceans. Estuaries, 23, 633-646. Adam, P., 1993. Saltmarsh ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Addy, J.M., Levell, D. & Hartley, J.P., 1978. Biological monitoring of sediments in the Ekofisk oilfield. In Proceedings of the conference on assessment of ecological impacts of oil spills. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Keystone, Colorado 14-17 June 1978, pp.514-539. Adey, W.H. & McKibbin, D.L., 1970. Studies on the maerl species Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) nov. comb. and Lithothamnion corallioides (Crouan) in the Ria de Vigo. Botanica Marina, 13, 100-106. Adey, W.H., 1970. The effects of light and temperature on growth rates in boreal-subarctic crustose corallines. Journal of Phycology, 6, 269-276. Albentosa, M., Beiras, R. & Camacho, A.P., 1994. Determination of optimal thermal conditions for growth of clam (Venerupis pullastra) seed. Aquaculture, 126, 315-328. Alexandre, A., Santos, R. & Serrão, E., 2005. Effects of clam harvesting on sexual reproduction of the seagrass Zostera noltii Marine Ecology Progress Series, 298, 115-122 Alheit, J. & Naylor, E., 1976. Behavioural basis of intertidal zonation in Eurydice pulchra Leach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 23, 135-144. Alheit, J., 1978. Distribution of the polychaete genus Nephtys: a stratified random sampling survey. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 4, 61-67. Allain, J-Y., 1974. Écologie des bancs d'Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) dans le Golfe Normanno-Breton. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 15, 235-273. Allain, J-Y., 1978. Age et croissance de Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) et de Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) des côtes nord de Bretagne (Echinoidea). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 19, 11-21. Allen, P.L. & Moore, J.J., 1987. Invertebrate macrofauna as potential indicators of sandy beach instability. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 24, 109-125. Allen, J.A. 1953a. Observations on the epifauna of the deep-water muds of the Clyde Sea area, with special reference to Chlamys septemradiata (Müller). Journal of Animal Ecology, 22, 240-260. Allen, J.A., 1962. The fauna of the Clyde Sea area. Mollusca. Millport: Scottish Marine Biological Association. Allman, G.J., 1871-1872. A monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian hydroids, Vol. I & II. London: Ray Society. Almada-Villela, P.C., Davenport, J. & Gruffydd, L.L.D., 1982. The effects of temperature on the shell growth of young Mytilus edulis L. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 59, 275-288. Almada-Villela, P.C., 1984. The effects of reduced salinity on the shell growth of small Mytilus edulis L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64, 171-182. Ambrose, W.G., 1984. Role of predatory infauna in structuring marine soft-bottom communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 17, 109-115. Ambrose, W.G. Jr., 1993. Effects of predation and disturbance by ophiuroids on soft-bottom community structure in Oslofjord: results of a mesocosm study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 97, 225-236. Amsberry, L. Baker, M.A., Ewanchuk, P.J. & Bertness, M.D., 2000. Clonal integration and the expansion of Phragmites australis. Ecological Applications, 10, 1110-1118. Amsler, C.D. & Searles, R.B., 1980. Vertical distribution of seaweed spores in a water column off shore of North Carolina. Journal of Phycology, 16, 617-619. Anala, J., 1974. Foraging strategies of two marine invertebrates. Ph.D. thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA. Anand, P.L., 1937a. A taxonomic study of the algae of British Chalk-cliffs. Journal of Botany, 75 (Supplement II), 1-51. Anand, P.L., 1937b. An ecological study of the algae of the British chalk cliffs. Part I. Journal of Ecology, 25, 153-188. Anand, P.L., 1937c. An ecological study of the algae of the British chalk cliffs. Part II. Journal of Ecology, 25, 344-367. Anderson, S.J., Atkinson, R.J.A. & Tatlor, A.C., 1993. Behavioural and respiratory adaptations of the mud-burrowing shrimp Calocaris macandreae Bell (Thalassinidea, Crustacea) to the burrow environment. Ophelia, 34, 143-156. Ang, P.O., Jr., 1991. Natural dynamics of a Fucus distichus (Phaeophyta, Fucales) population: reproduction and recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 78, 71-85. Anger, K., 1975a. Quantitative studies on indicator species and communities. Merentutkimuslaitoksen Julkaisau. Helsinki, 239, 116-122. Anger, K., 1975b. On the influence of sewage pollution on inshore benthic communities in the south of Kiel Bay. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 408-438. Ankley, G.T., Erickson, R.J., Sheedy, B.R., Kosian, P.A., Mattson, V.R. & Cox, J.S., 1997. Evaluation of models for predicting the phototoxic potency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Aquatic Toxicology, 37, 37-50. Anon, 1992. An experimental study on the impact of clam dredging on soft sediment macroinvertebrates. (Contractor: Southern Science, Hampshire Laboratory, Otterbourne, Hants.). Unpublished report to English Nature. (English Nature Research Report, No. 13). Anonymous, 1999e. Littoral and sublittoral chalk. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough.Available from: <http://www.ukbap.org.uk/ukplans.aspx?id=31> Anonymous, 1999b. Native oyster (Ostrea edulis). Species Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999iii. UK Biodiversity Group: tranche 2 action plans: volume V- maritime species and habitats. Anonymous, 1999l. Pink sea-fan (Eunicella verrucosa). Species Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999m. Sabellaria alveolata reefs. Habitat Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999n. Coastal saltmarsh. Habitat Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999o. Mudflats. Habitat Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999p. Seagrass beds. Habitat Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999q. Maerl beds. Habitat Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999t. Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii (a brown algae). Species Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999iv. Lophelia pertusa reefs. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Anonymous, 1999r. Sabellaria spinulosa reefs. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough. Ansell, A.D., Barnett, P.R.O., Bodoy, A. & Masse, H., 1980. Upper temperature tolerances of some European molluscs. 1. Tellina fabula and T. tenuis. Marine Biology, 58, 33-39. Ansell, A.D., Barnett, P.R.O., Bodoy, A. & Masse, H., 1981. Upper temperature tolerances of some European Mollusca III. Cardium glaucum, C. tuberculata and C. edule. Marine Biology, 65, 177-183. Ansell, A.D., 1969. Association of the amphipod Acidostoma neglectum Dahl with the anthozoan Peachia hastata Gosse. Journal of Natural History, 3, 345-347. Ansell, A.D., 1974. Seasonal change in biochemical composition of the bivalve Lima hians from the Clyde Sea area. Marine Biology, 27, 115-122. Ansell, A.D., 1995. Surface activity of some benthic invertebrate prey in relation to the foraging activity of juvenile flatfishes. In Proceedings of the 28th European Marine Biology Symposium, Institute of Marine Biology, Crete. 23-28 September 1993. Biology and Ecology of Shallow Coastal Waters (ed. A. Eleftheriou, A.D. Ansell & C.J. Smith), pp. 245-252. Fredensborg: Olsen & Olsen Appleby, A.G. & Brinkhurst, R.O., 1970. Defecation rate of three tubificid oligochaetes found in the sediment of Toronto Harbour, Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 1971-1982. Apt, K.E., 1988. Etiology and development of hyperplasia induced by Streblonema sp. (Phaeophyta) on members of the Laminariales (Phaeophyta). Journal of Phycology, 24, 28-34. Archer, D. & Martin, P., 2001. Thin walls tell the tale. Science (Washington), 5549, 2108-2109. Archer, A.A., 1963. A new approach to the taxonomy of the branched members of the Cladophoraceae in the British Isles. Ph.D. thesis, Liverpool University. Armonies, W. & Reise, K., 1999. On the population development of the introduced razor clam Ensis americanus near the island of Sylt (North Sea). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen, 52, 291-300. Arndt, C. & Schiedek, D., 1997. Nephtys hombergii, a free living predator in marine sediments: energy production under environmental stress. Marine Biology, 129, 643-540. Arndt, E.A., 1984. The ecological niche of Cordylophora caspia (Pallas, 1771). Limnologica, 15, 469-477. Arndt, E.A., 1989. Ecological, physiological and historical aspects of brackish water fauna distribution. In Proceedings of the 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium, Swansea, 5-9 September 1988. Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms, (ed. J.S. Ryland & P.A. Tyler), pp. 327-338. Denmark: Olsen & Olsen. Arndt, E.A., 1991. Ecological, physiological and historical aspects of brackish water fauna distribution. In: Estuaries and coasts: spatial and temporal intercomparisons. Estuarine and coastal sciences association 19th symposium, (ed. M. Elliot & J.P. Ducrotoy). Olsen & Olsen. Arnold, S.L. & Ormerod, S.J., 1997. Aquatic invertebrates and environmental gradients in Phragmites reed swamps: implications for conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 7, 153-163. Arntz, W.E. & Rumohr, H., 1973. Boring clams (Barnea candida (L.) and Zirfaea crispata (L.)) in Kiel Bay. Kiel Meeresforsch, 29, 141-143. Arntz, W.E. & Rumohr, H., 1986. Fluctuations of benthic macrofauna during succession and in an established community. Meeresforschung, 31, 97-114. Arntz, W.E., 1980. Predation by demersal fish and its impact on the dynamics of macrobenthos. In Marine benthos dynamics, (eds. K.R. Tenore & B.C. Coull), pp. 121-149. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Aronson, R.B. & Harms, C.A., 1985. Ophiuroids in a Bahamian saltwater lake: the ecology of a Palaeozoic-like community. Ecology, 66, 1472-1483. Aronson, R.B., 1989. Brittlestar beds: low-predation anachronisms in the British Isles. Ecology, 70, 856-865. Aronson, R.B., 1990. Onshore-offshore patterns of human fishing activity. Palaios, 5, 88-93. Aronson, R.B., 1992. Biology of a scale-independent predator-prey relationship. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 89, 1-13. Ashworth, J.H., 1904. Arenicola (the lug-worm). Liverpool: Liverpool Marine Biology Committee. [L.M.B.C. Memoirs XI]. Asmus, H. & Asmus, R., 2000a. ECSA - Workshop on intertidal seagrass beds and algal mats: organisms and fluxes at the ecosystem level. (Editorial). Helgoland Marine Research, 54, 53-54. Asmus, H. & Asmus, R., 2000b. Material exchange and food web of seagrasses beds in the Sylt-Rømø Bight: how significant are community changes at the ecosystem level? Helgoland Marine Research, 54, 137-150. Astthorsson, O.S., 1980. The life history and ecological energetics of Neomysis integer (Leach) (Crustacea, Mysidacea). Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen. Atkinson, R.J.A., 1989. Baseline survey of the burrowing megafauna of Loch Sween, proposed Marine Nature Reserve, and an investigation of the effects of trawling on the benthic megafauna. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, from the University Marine Biological Station, Millport, pp.1-59. Attrill, M.J., Ramsay, P.M., Thomas, R.M. & Trett, M.W., 1996. An estuarine biodiversity hot-spot. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76, 161-175. Attrill, M.J., 1990. The Thames estuary benthic programme: a site by site report of the quarterly macrofauna surveys April 1989 - March 1990. Attrill, M.J., Ramsay, P.M., Thomas, R.M. & Trett, M.W., 1996. An estuarine biodiversity hot-spot. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76, 161-175, Austen, M.C. & Widdicombe, S., 1998. Experimental evidence of effects of the heart urchin Brissopsis lyrifera on associated meiobenthic nematode communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 222, 219-238. Austin, A.P., 1960a. Life history and reproduction of Furcellaria fastigiata (L.) Lamouroux. Annals of Botany, New Series, 24, 257-274. Austin, A.P., 1960b. Observations on the growth, fruiting and longevity of Furcellaria fastigiata (L.) Lamouroux. Hydrobiologia, 15, 193-207. Axelsson, B. & Axelsson, L., 1987. A rapid and reliable method to quantify environmental effects on Laminaria based on measurements of ion leakage. Botanica Marina, 30, 55-61. Axiak, V., George, J.J. & Moore, M.N., 1988. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine bivalve Venus verrucosa: accumulation and cellular responses. Marine Biology, 97, 225-230. Azzoni, R., Giordani, G., Bartoli, M., Welsh, D.T., Viaroli, P., 2001. Iron, sulphur and phosphorus cycling in the rhizophere sediments of a eutrophic Ruppia cirrhosa meadow (Valle Smarlacca, Italy). Journal of Sea Research, 45, 15-26. Bücking, J., 1998. Investigations on the feeding habits of the rocky shore mite Hyadesia fusca (Acari: Astigmata: Hyadesiidae): diet range, food preference, food quality, and the implications for distribution patterns. Helgolander Meersuntersuchungen, 52, 159-177. Baardseth, E., 1970. Synopsis of the biological data on knotted wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 38, Rev. 1. Backlund, H.O., 1945. Wrack fauna of Sweden and Finland: ecology and chorology. Opuscula Entomologica (Supplementum) 5, 1-236. Baden, S.P., Pihl, L. & Rosenberg, R., 1990. Effects of oxygen depletion on the ecology, blood physiology and fishery of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 67, 141-155. Baeck, S., Collins, J.C. & Russell, G., 1992. Recruitment of the Baltic flora: the Fucus ceranoides enigma. Botanica Marina, 35, 53-59. Baeck, S., Lehvo, A. & Blomster, J., 2000. Mass occurrence of unattached Enteromorpha intestinalis on the Finnish Baltic Sea coast. Annales Botanici Fennici, 37, 155-161. Bagheri, E.A. & McLusky, D.S., 1984. The oxygen consumption of Tubificoides benedeni (Udekem) in relation to temperature and its application to production biology. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 78, 187-197. Bailey, N., Howard, F.G. & Chapman, C.J., 1986. Clyde Nephrops: Biology and fisheries. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 90 (B), 501-518. Bailey-Brook, J.H., 1976. Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 30, 69-81. Baird, D., Evans, P.R., Milne, H. & Pienkowski, M.W., 1985. Utilization by shorebirds of benthic invertebrate production in intertidal areas. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 23, 573-597. Baker, J.M., 1979. Responses of salt marsh vegetation to oil spills and refinery effluents. In Ecological processes in coastal environments (ed. R.L. Jefferies & A.J. Davy), pp. 529-542. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Bakus, G.J., 1968. Sedimentation and benthic invertebrates of Fanning Island, Central Pacific. Marine Geology, 6, 45-51. Baldock, B.M., Mallinson, J.M. & Seaward, D.R., 1998. Observations on extensive, dense populations of the bivalve mollusc Musculus discors (L. 1758). Journal of Conchology, 36, 43-46. Ball, B.J., Costelloe, J., Könnecker, G. & Keegan, B.F., 1995. The rocky subtidal assemblages of Kinsale Harbour (south coast of Ireland). In Proceedings of the 28th European Marine Biology Symposium, Instiitute of Marine Biology of Crete, Iraklio, Crete, 1993. Biology and Ecology of Shallow Coastal Waters (ed. A. Eleftheriou, A.D. Ansell & C.J. Smith), pp.293-302. Fredensborg: Olsen & Olsen. Ball, B.J., Fox, G. & Munday, B.W., 2000a. Long- and short-term consequences of a Nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the Irish Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1315-1320. Ball, B., Munday, B. & Tuck, I., 2000b. Effects of otter trawling on the benthos and environment in muddy sediments. In: Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats, (eds. Kaiser, M.J. & de Groot, S.J.), pp 69-82. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Bamber, R.N. & Irving, P.W., 1993. The Corallina run-offs of Bridgewater Bay. Porcupine Newsletter, 5, 190-197. Bamber, R.N. & Spencer, J.F. 1984. The benthos of a coastal power station thermal discharge canal. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64, 603-623. Bamber, R.N., Gilliland, P.M. & Shardlow, M.E.A., 2001. Saline lagoons: a guide to their management and creation (interim version). Peterborough: English Nature. Bamber, R.N., 1985. Coarse substrate benthos of Kingsnorth outfall lagoon, with observations on Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Central Electricity Research Laboratories Report TPRD/L2759/N84. Bamber, R.N., 1988. A comparison of epifaunal arthropods from sixteen potential community associations at Cullercoats. Porcupine Newsletter, 4, 45-48. Bamber, R.N., 1993. Changes in the infauna of a sandy beach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 172, 93-107. Bandeira, S.O., 1995. Marine botanical communities in southern Mozambique: Sea grass and seaweed diversity and conservation. Ambio, 24, 506-509. Baretta-Bekker, J.G., Duursma, E.K. & Kuipers, B.R., 1992. Encyclopedia of marine sciences Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Barnes, H. & Bagenal, T.B., 1951. Observations on Nephrops norvegicus and an epizoic population of Balanus crenatus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 30, 369-380. Barnes, R.S.K. & Hughes, R.N., 1992. An introduction to marine ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Barnes, H., Finlayson, D.M. & Piatigorsky, J., 1963. The effect of desiccation and anaerobic conditions on the behaviour, survival and general metabolism of three common cirripedes. Journal of Animal Ecology, 32, 233-252. Barnes, H., 1953. The effect of lowered salinity on some barnacle nauplii. Journal of Animal Ecology, 22, 328-330. Barnes, H., 1958. Regarding the southern limits of Balanus balanoides (L.). Oikos, 9, 139-157. Barnes, R.S.K., 1973. The intertidal lamellibranchs of Southampton Water, with particular reference to Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 40, 413-433. Barnes, R.D., 1980. Invertebrate Zoology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International Editions. Barnes, R.S.K., 1980b. Coastal lagoons. The natural history of a neglected habitat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barnes, M., 1989. Egg production in Cirripedia. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 27, 91-166. Barnes, R.S.K., 1994. The brackish-water fauna of northwestern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barnes, M., 2000. The use of intertidal barnacle shells. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 38, 157-187. Barnett, B.E., 1983. Oligochaetes as indicators of pollution in the Humber estuary, with special reference to Tubificoides benedii. Environmental Pollution (Series A), 30, 277-291. Barreiro, R., Real, C., Carballeira, A., 1993. Heavy-metal accumulation by Fucus ceranoides in a small estuary in north-west Spain. Marine Environmental Research, 36, 39-61. Bartels-Hardege, H.D. & Zeeck, E., 1990. Reproductive behaviour of Nereis diversicolor (Annelida: Polychaeta). Marine Biology, 106, 409-412. Barthel, D. & Wolfrath, B., 1989. Tissue sloughing in the sponge Halichondria panicea: a fouling organism prevents being fouled. Oecologia, 78, 357-360. Barthel, D., 1988. On the ecophysiology of the sponge Halichondria panicea in Kiel Bight. II. Biomass, production, energy budget and integration in environmental processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 43, 87-93. Barton, E.S., 1892. On malformations of Ascophyllum and Desmarestia. Phycological Memoirs, London, Part I, 21-24. Barton, E.S., 1901. On certain galls in Furcellaria and Chondrus. Journal of Botany, 39, 49-51. Basimi, R.A. & Grove, D.J., 1985. Estimates of daily food intake by an inshore population of Pleuronectes platessa L. off eastern Anglesey, north Wales. Journal of Fish Biology, 27, 505-520. Bat, L. & Raffaelli, D., 1998. Sediment toxicity testing: a bioassay approach using the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 226, 217-239. Batten, L.A., Bibby, C.J., Clement, P., Elliott, G.D. & Porter, R.F., 1990. Red data birds in Britain, The Nature Conservancy Council and RSPB. T. & A.D. Poyser. Bauer, B., Fioroni, P., Ide, I., Liebe, S., Oehlmann, J., Stroben, E. & Watermann, B., 1995. TBT effects on the female genital system of Littorina littorea: a possible indicator of tributyl tin pollution. Hydrobiologia, 309, 15-27. Baxter, J.M., 1984. The incidence of Polydora ciliata and Cliona celata boring the shell of Patella vulgata in Orkney. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64, 728-729. Bayne, B.L. & Scullard, C., 1978. Rates of feeding by Thais (Nucella) lapillus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 32, 75-94. Bayne, B.L., Widdows, J., Moore, M.N., Salkeld, P., Worrall, C.M. & Donkin, P., 1982. Some ecological consequences of the physiological and biochemical effects of petroleum compounds on marine molluscs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 297, 219-239. Bayne, B.L., 1965. Growth and the delay of metamorphosis of the larvae of Mytilus edulis (L.). Ophelia, 2, 1-47. Bayne, B.L., 1976a. The biology of mussel larvae. In Marine mussels: their ecology and physiology (ed. B.L. Bayne), pp. 81-120. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [International Biological Programme 10.] Beasley, T.M. & Fowler, S.W., 1976. Plutonium and Americium: uptake from contaminated sediments by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Marine Biology, 38, 95-100. Beaumont, A.R. & Barnes, D.A. 1992. Aspects of the veliger larval growth and byssus drifting of the spat of Pecten maximus and Aequipecten (Chlamys) opercularis. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49, 417-423. Beaumont, A.R. & Newman, P.B., 1986. Low levels of tributyl tin reduce growth of marine micro-algae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17, 457-461. Beaumont, A.R., Newman, P.B., Mills, D.K., Waldock, M.J., Miller, D. & Waite, M.E., 1989. Sandy-substrate microcosm studies on tributyl tin (TBT) toxicity to marine organisms. Scientia Marina, 53, 737-743. Beaver, R. & Dipper, F.A., 2002. Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 14. Sealochs in the Outer Hebrides: Area summaries. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Beeftink, W.G., 1979. The structure of salt marsh communities in relation to environmental disturbances. In Ecological processes in coastal environments (ed. R.L. Jefferies, R.L. & A.J. Davy), pp.77- 93. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Beiras, R., Perez-Camacho, A. & Albentosa, M., 1993. Influence of food concentration on energy balance and growth performance of Venerupis pullastra seed reared in an open flow system. Aquaculture, 116, 353-365. Bell, M.C. & Fish, J.D., 1996. Fecundity and seasonal changes in reproductive output of females of the gravel beach amphipod Pectenogammarus planicrurus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76, 37-55. Bell, N. & Smith, J., 1999. Coral growing on North Sea oil rigs. Nature, 402, 601. Bell, A.A., 1990. Population structure, feeding habits and parasites of flounder, Platichthys flesus L. in the upper Forth estuary. BSc Hons. thesis, University of Stirling. 97pp. Bell, M.C., 1992. The ecology of the gravel beach amphipod Pectenogammarus planicrurus Reid. PhD thesis, University of Wales. Bell, M.C., 1995. Pectenogammarus planicrurus - there is life in gravel beaches. Porcupine Newsletter, 6, 41-47. Bell, A.M. 2001. Effects of an endocrine disrupter on courtship and aggressive behaviour of male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour, 62, 775-780. Bennell, S.J., 1981. Some observations on the littoral barnacle populations of North Wales. Marine Environmental Research, 5, 227-240. Bentley, M.G. & Pacey, A.A., 1989. A scanning electron microscopial study of sperm development and activation in Arenicola marina L. (Annelida: Polychaeta). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 15, 211-219. Bergman, M.J.N. & Hup, M., 1992. Direct effects of beam trawling on macro-fauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49, 5-11. Bergman, M.J.N. & van Santbrink, J.W., 2000. Fishing mortality of populations of megafauna in sandy sediments. In The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats (ed. M.J. Kaiser & S.J de Groot), 49-68. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Bernard, G., Boudouresque, C.F. & Picon, P. 2007. Long term changes in Zostera meadows in the Berre lagoon (Provence, Mediterranean Sea) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 617-629 Bernhard, J.M., Buck, K.R., Farmer, M.A. & Bowser, S.S., 2000. The Santa Barbara Basin is a symbiosis oasis. Nature, 403, 77-80. Berrill, N.J., 1948. A new method of reproduction in Obelia. Biological Bulletin, 95, 94-99. Berrill, N.J., 1949. The polymorphic transformation of Obelia. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 90, 235-264. Berril, N.J., 1950. The Tunicata with an account of the British species. London: Ray Society. Berril, N.J., 1975. Chordata: Tunicata. In Reproduction of marine Invertebrates, vol. II, (ed. A.C. Geise & J.S. Pearse), pp. 241-282. New York: Academic Press. Bertness, M.D., Ewanchuk, P.J., & Silliman, B.R., 2002. Anthropogenic modification of New England salt marsh landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99, 1395-1398. Best, M.A. & Thorpe, J.P., 1986. Effects of food particle concentration on feeding current velocity in six species of marine Bryozoa. Marine Biology, 93, 255-262. Best, M.A. & Thorpe, J.P., 1994. An analysis of potential food sources available to intertidal bryozoans in Britain. In Proceedings of the 9th International Bryozoology conference, Swansea, 1992. Biology and Palaeobiology of Bryozoans (ed. P.J. Hayward, J.S. Ryland & P.D. Taylor), pp. 1-7. Fredensborg: Olsen & Olsen. Besten, P.J. den, Herwig, H.J., Zandee, D.I. & Voogt, P.A., 1989. Effects of Cd and PCBs on reproduction in the starfish Asterias rubens: aberrations in early development. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 18, 173-180. Besten, P.J. den, Donselaar, E.G. van, Herwig, H.J., Zandee, D.I. & Voogt, P.A., 1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in the seastar Asterias rubens L. Aquatic Toxicology, 20, 83-94. Bester, K., 2000. The effects of pesticides on seagrass beds. Helgoland Marine Research, 54, 95-98. Bestwick, B.W., Robbins, I.J. & Warren, L.M., 1989. Metabolic adaptations of the intertidal polychaete Cirriformia tentaculata to life in an oxygen-sink environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 125, 193-202 Bett, B.J., 2000. Benthic survey of the Faeroe-Shetland Channel. [CD-ROM] AFEN (2000) Atlantic margin environmental surveys of the seafloor 1996 and 1998. United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association. Bett, B.J., 2001. UK Atlantic Margin environmental survey: introduction and overview of bathyal benthic ecology. Continental Shelf Research, 21, 917-956. Beukema, J.J. & de Vlas, J., 1979. Population parameters of the lugworm, Arenicola marina, living on tidal flats in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 13, 331-353. Beukema, J.J., De Bruin, W. & Jansen, J.J.M., 1978. Biomass and species richness of the macrobenthic animals living on the tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea: Long-term changes during a period of mild winters. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 12, 58-77. Beukema, J.J., Doerjes, J. & Essink, K., 1988. Latitudinal differences in survival during a severe winter in macrozoobenthic species sensitive to low temperatures. Senckenbergiana maritima, 20, 19-30. Beukema, J.J., 1979. Biomass and species richness of the macrobenthic animals living on a tidal flat area in the Dutch Wadden Sea: effects of a severe winter. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 13, 203-223. Beukema, J.J., 1985. Growth and dynamics in populations of Echinocardium cordatum living in the North Sea off the Dutch corth coast. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 19, 129-134. Beukema, J.J., 1990. Expected effects of changes in winter temperatures on benthic animals living in soft sediments in coastal North Sea areas. In Expected effects of climatic change on marine coastal ecosystems (ed. J.J. Beukema, W.J. Wolff & J.J.W.M. Brouns), pp. 83-92. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ. Beukema, J.J., 1995. Long-term effects of mechanical harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina on the zoobenthic community of a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 33, 219-227. Bhattacharya, D., 1985. The demography of fronds of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 91, 217-231. Bhaud, M., 2000. Two contradictory elements determine invertebrate recruitment: dispersion of larvae and spatial restrictions on adults. Oceanologica Acta, 23, 409-422. Biernbaum, C. K., 1981. Seasonal changes in the Amphipod fauna of Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander) (Porifera: Demospongia) and associated Sponges in a shallow Salt-Marsh Creek. Estuaries, 4, 85-96. Binyon, J., 1966. Salinity tolerance and ionic regulation. In Physiology of Echinodermata (ed. R.A. Boolootian), pp. 359-377. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Binyon, J., 1981. The effects of lowered salinity upon Branchiostoma lanceolatum from the English Channel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 685-689. BIOMAERL team, 1999. Biomaerl: maerl biodiversity; functional structure and anthropogenic impacts. EC Contract no. MAS3-CT95-0020, 973 pp. Bird, N.L. & McLachlan, J., 1976. Control of the formation of receptacles in Fucus distichus L. ssp. Distichus (Phaeophyceae: Fucales). Phycologia, 15, 79-84. Bird, N.L., Chen, L.C.-M. & McLachlan, J., 1979. Effects of temperature, light and salinity of growth in culture of Chondrus crispus, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), and Fucus serratus (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina, 22, 521-527. Bird, C.J., Saunders, G.W. & McLachlan, J., 1991. Biology of Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) Lamouroux (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales), a commercial carrageenophyte. Journal of Applied Phycology, 3, 61-82. Bird, E.C.F., 1983. Factors influencing beach and accretion: a global review. In Sandy beaches as ecosystems(ed. A. McLachlan & T. Erasmus), pp. 709-717. The Hague: Dr W. Junk Publishers. Birkett, D.A., Maggs, C.A. & Dring, M.J., 1998a. Maerl. an overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Natura 2000 report prepared by Scottish Association of Marine Science (SAMS) for the UK Marine SACs Project. Birkett, D.A., Maggs, C.A., Dring, M.J. & Boaden, P.J.S., 1998b. Infralittoral reef biotopes with kelp species: an overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Natura 2000 report prepared by Scottish Association of Marine Science (SAMS) for the UK Marine SACs Project. Birtwell, I.K. & Arthur, D.R., 1980. The ecology of tubificids in the Thames Estuary with particular reference to Tubifex costatus (Claparède). In Proceedings of the first international symposium on aquatic oligochaete biology, Sydney, British Colombia, Canada, May 1-4, 1979. Aquatic oligochaete biology (ed. R.O. Brinkhurst & D.G. Cook), pp. 331-382. New York: Plenum Press Bishop, G.M. & Earll, R., 1984. Studies on the populations of Echinus esculentus at the St. Abbs and Skomer Voluntary Marine Nature Reserves. Progress in Underwater Science, 9, 53-66. Bishop, G.M., 1985. Aspects of the reproductive ecology of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. Ph.D. thesis, University of Exeter, UK. Blackmore, D.T., 1969. Growth, reproduction and zonation of Patella vulgata. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 3, 200-213. Blanchard, M., 1997. Spread of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata (L.1758) in Europe. Current state and consequences. Scientia Marina, 61, Supplement 9, 109-118. Blinks, L.R., 1955. Accessory pigments and photosynthesis. In Photophysiology, Vol. 1.,(ed. A.C. Giese), pp. 199-221. New York & London: Academic Press. Blunden, G., Smith, B.E. & Cary, P.D., 1989. Trans-4-hydroxy-beta-prolinebetaine, a new betaine from Furcellaria lumbricalis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1, 1-4. BMLSS (British Marine Life Study Society), 2002c. Sagartia troglodytes: Part 1. Shoreham-on-Sea: British Marine Life Study SocietyAvailable from: <http://www.glaucus.org.uk/S-troglo2.htm> Boaden, P.J.S. & Dring, M.T., 1980. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of Ascophyllum harvesting on the littoral ecosystem. Helgolander Meerestuntersuchungen, 33, 700-710. Boaden, P.J.S., O' Connor, R.J. & Seed, R., 1975. The composition and zonation of a Fucus serratus community in Strangford Lough, Co. Down. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 17, 111-136. Boalch, G.T. & Jephson, N.A., 1981. A re-examination of the seaweeds on Colman's traverses at Wembury. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium, 8, 290-293. Boalch, G.T., Holme, N.A., Jephson, N.A. & Sidwell, J.M.C., 1974. A resurvey of Colman's intertidal traverses at Wembury, South Devon. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 5, 551-553. Boalch, G.T., 1979. The dinoflagellate bloom on the coast of south-west England, August to September 1978. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59, 515-517. Boar, R.R., 1992. Factors which affect the growth of Phragmites australis. In Reedbeds for wildlife (ed. D. Ward), pp. 21-30. Sandy, Bedfordshire: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) / University of Bristol. Boero, F., 1984. The ecology of marine hydroids and effects of environmental factors: a review. Marine Ecology, 5, 93-118. Boese, B.L., Alayan, K.E., Gooch, E.F. & Robbins, B.D., 2003. Desiccation index: a measure of damage caused by adverse aerial exposure on intertidal eelgrass (Zostera marina) in an Oregon (USA) estuary Aquatic Botany, 76, 329-337 Boisson, F., Hartl, M.G.J., Fowler, S.W. & Amiard-triquet, C., 1998. Influence of chronic exposure to silver and mercury in the field on the bioaccumulation potential of the bivalve Macoma balthica. Marine Environmental Research, 45, 325-340. Bokn, T., Berge, J.A., Green, N. & Rygg, B., 1990. Invasion of the planktonic alga Chrysochomulina polylepsis along south Norway in May-June 1988: acute effects on biological communities along the coast. In Eutrophication and algal blooms in the North Sea coastal zones and adjacent areas: prediction and assessment of preventive actions (ed. C. Lancelot, G. Billen & H. Barth ), pp.183-193. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Bokn, T.L., Moy, F.E. & Murray, S.N., 1993. Long-term effects of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of diesel oil on rocky shore populations maintained in experimental mesocosms. Botanica Marina, 36, 313-319. Bokn, T., 1985. Effects of diesel oil on commercial benthic algae in Norway. In Proceedings of 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (ed. American Petroleum Institute), pp. 491-496. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute. Bokn, T., 1987. Effects of diesel oil and subsequent recovery of commercial benthic algae. Hydrobiologia, 151/152, 277-284. Bolam, S.G. & Fernandes, T.F., 2002. Dense aggregations of tube-building polychaetes: response to small-scale disturbances. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 269, 197-222. Boney, A.D., 1969. A biology of marine algae. London: Hutchinson International. Boney, A.D., 1971. Sub-lethal effects of mercury on marine algae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2, 69-71. Boney, S.H., 1978. Survival and growth of alpha-spores of Porphyra schizophylla Hollenberg (Rhodophyta: Bangiophyceae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 35, 7-29. Bonsdorff, E. & Pearson, T.H., 1997. The relative impact of physical disturbance and predation by Crangon crangon on population density in Capitella capitella: An experimental study. Ophelia, 46, 1-10. Bonsdorff, E., Norrko, A. & Boström, C., 1995. Recruitment and population maintenance of the bivalve Macoma balthica (L.) - factors affecting settling success and early survival on shallow sandy bottoms. In Proceedings of the 28th European Marine Biology Symposium. Biology and ecology of shallow coastal waters (ed. A. Eleftheriou, A.D. Ansell and C.J. Smith). Olsen and Olsen. Bonsdorff, E., 1984. Establishment, growth and dynamics of a Macoma balthica (L.) population. Limnologica (Berlin), 15, 403-405. Boolootian, R.A. (ed.), 1966. Physiology of Echinodermata. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Boon, J.P., Zantvoort, M.B., Govaert, M.J.M.A. & Duinker, J.C ., 1985. Organochlorines in benthic polychaetes (Nephtys spp.) and sediments from the southern North Sea. Identification of individual PCB components. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 19, 93-109. Bosence, D.W.J., 1979. Live and dead faunas from coralline algal gravels, Co. Galway. Palaeontology, 22, 449-478. Bosence, D.W.J., 1979b. The factors leading to aggregation and reef formation in Serpula vermicularis L. In Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the University of Durham, April 1976. Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (ed. G. Larwood & B.R. Rosen), pp. 299-318. London: Academic Press. Bosselmann, A., 1989. Larval plankton and recruitment of macrofauna in a subtidal area in the German Bight. In Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms (ed. J.S. Ryland & P.A. Tyler), pp. 43-54. Boström, C. & Bonsdorff, E., 2000. Zoobenthic community establishment and habitat complexity - the importance of seagrass shoot density, morphology and physical disturbance for faunal recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 205, 123-138. Bouche, M., Habets, F., Biagianti-Risbourg, S. & Vernet, G., 2000. Toxic effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium in the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 46, 246-251. Bouland, C. & Claereboudt, M.R., 1994. Effect of the castrating parasitic ciliate Orchitophrya stellarum on the population structure of Asterias vulgaris. In Echinoderms through time (ed. B. David, A. Guille, J.P. Féral & M. Roux), pp. 280. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Boult, S., Collins, D.N., White, K.N. & Curtis, C.D., 1994. Metal transport in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage - the Afon Goch, Anglesey, U.K. Environmental Pollution, 84, 279-284. Bourget, E., 1983. Seasonal variations of cold tolerance in intertidal molluscs and their relation to environmental conditions in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 1193-1201. Bousfield, E.L., 1973. Shallow-water gammaridean Amphipoda of New England. London: Cornell University Press. Bower, S.M. & McGladdery, S.E., 1996. Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish. SeaLane Diseases of Shellfish. [on-line]. Available from: <http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sealane/aquac/pages/toc.htm> Bower, S.M., 1992. Diseases and parasites of mussels. In The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture (ed. E.M. Gosling), pp. 543-563. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ. [Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, no. 25.] Bower, S.M., 1996. Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish: Bald-sea-urchin Disease. [on-line]. SeaLane Diseases of Shellfish. Canada: Department of Fisheries and Oceans.Available from: <http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/pages/bsudsu_e.htm> Bowling, J.W., Leversee, G.J., Landrum, P.F. & Giesy, J.P., 1983. Acute mortality of anthracene-contaminated fish exposed to sunlight. Aquatic Toxicology, 3, 79-90. Bowman, R.S., 1981. The morphology of Patella spp. juveniles in Britain, and some phylogenetic inferences. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 647-666. Bowmer, T., 1982. Reproduction in Amphiura filiformis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): seasonality in gonad development. Marine Biology, 69, 281-290. Boyden, C.R. & Russel, P.J.C., 1972. The distribution and habitat range of the brackish water cockle (Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule) in the British Isles. Journal of Animal Ecology, 41, 719-734. Boyden, C.R., 1972. Behaviour, survival and respiration of the cockles Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum in air. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 52, 661-680. Braber, L. & Borghouts, C.H., 1977. Distribution and ecology of Anthozoa in the estuarine region of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. Hydrobiologia, 52, 15-21. Bradshaw, C., Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S. & Brand, A.R., 2000. The effects of scallop dredging on gravelly seabed communities. In: Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats (ed. M.J. Kaiser & de S.J. Groot), pp. 83-104. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Bradshaw, C., Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S. & Brand, A.R., 2002. The role of scallop-dredge disturbance in long-term changes in Irish Sea benthic communities: a re-analysis of an historical dataset. Journal of Sea Research, 47, 161-184. Brafield, A.E. & Newell, G.E., 1961. The behaviour of Macoma balthica (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 41, 81-87. Brafield, A.E., 1963. The effects of oxygen deficiency on the behaviour of Macoma balthica. Animal Behaviour, 11, 245-346. Brafield, A.E., 1964. The oxygen content of interstitial water in sandy shores. Journal of Animal Ecology, 33, 97-116. Branch, G.M., 1984. Competition between marine organisms: ecological and evolutionary implications. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 22, 429-593. Brand, A.R. & Morris, D.J., 1984. The respiratory responses of the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris (L.) to declining environmental oxygen tension. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 83, 89-106. Brandt, G., Fleßner, J., Glaser, D. et al., 1995. Dokumentation zur hydrographischen Frühjahrs-Meßkampagne 1994 der ökosystemforschung Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer im Einzugsgebeit der otzmer Balje. Hyrographie Nr. 8, Nieders. Landesamt für ökologie - Forschungstelle Küste, Norderney. Brattström, H., 1946. Observations on Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes) in the Gullmar Fjord. Arkive fur Zoologie, 37A, 1-27. Brault, S. & Bourget, E., 1985. Structural changes in an estuarine subtidal epibenthic community: biotic and physical causes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 21, 63-73. Brawley, S.H., 1992b. Mesoherbivores. In Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos (ed. D.M John, S.J. Hawkins & J.H. Price), pp. 235-263. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Systematics Association Special Volume, no. 46.] Brazier, P., Davies, J., Holt, R. & Murray, E., 1998. Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 5. South-east Scotland and north-east England: area summaries. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR Series] Brazier, D.P., Holt, R.H.F., Murray, E. & Nichols, D.M., 1999. Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 10. Cardigan Bay and North Wales: area summaries. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR Series.] Breeman, A.M. & Hoeksema, B.W., 1987. Vegetative propagation of the red alga Rhodochorton purpureum by means of fragments that escape digestion by herbivores. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 35, 197-201. Bregazzi, P.K. & Naylor, E., 1972. The locomotor activity rhythm of Talitrus saltator (Montagu) (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Journal of Experimental Biology, 57, 375-391. Bregazzi, P.K., 1972. The effects of low temperature upon the locomotor activity rhythm of Talitrus saltator (Montagu) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Journal of Experimental Biology, 57, 393-399. Brenchley, G.A., 1981. Disturbance and community structure : an experimental study of bioturbation in marine soft-bottom environments. Journal of Marine Research, 39, 767-790. Brey, T., 1990. Estimating productivity of macrobenthic invertebrates from biomass abd mean individual weight. Meeresforschung, 32,329-343. Bridges, T.S., 1996. Effects of organic additions to sediment, and maternal age and size, on patterns of offspring investment and performance in two opportunistic deposit-feeding polychaetes. Marine Biology, 125, 345-357. Brinkhuis, B.H., Tempel, N.R. & Jones, R.F., 1976. Photosynthesis and respiration of exposed salt-marsh fucoids. Marine Biology, 34, 339-348. Brinkhurst, R.O. & Chuan, K.E., 1969. Preliminary investigation of the exploitation of some potential nutritional resources by three sympatric tubificid oligochaetes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26, 2659-2668. Brinkhurst, R.O., 1974. The benthos of lakes. New York: St Martin's Press, p. 190. Britton-Simmons, K.H., 2004. Direct and indirect effects of the introduced alga Sargassum muticum on bethic, subtidal communities of Washington State, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 277, 61-78. Brkovic-Popovic, I. & Popovic, M., 1977. Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rates of tubificid worms: Part 1- Effects on survival. Environmental Pollution, 13, 65-72. Brkovic-Popovic, I. & Popovic, M., 1977b. Effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rates of tubificid worms: Part II-Effects on respiration rate. Environmental Pollution, 13, 93-98. Brock, V., 1979. Habitat selection of two congeneric bivalves, Cardium edule and C. glaucum in sympatric and allopatric populations. Marine Biology, 54, 149-156. Broom, M.J., Davies, J., Hutchings, B. & Halcrow, W., 1991. Environmental assessment of the effects of polluting discharges: stage 1: developing a post-facto baseline. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 33, 71-87. Broom, D.M., 1975. Aggregation behaviour of the brittle star Ophiothrix fragilis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 55, 191-197. Brosnan, D.M. & Crumrine, L.L., 1994. Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 177, 79-97. Brouardel, J., 1948. Etude du mode d'infestation des Patelles par Urceolaria patellae (Cuenot): influence de l'espece de Patelle. Bulletin du Laboratoire maritime de Dinard, 30, 1-6. Brouseau, D.J. & Baglivo, J.A., 1991. Disease progression and mortality in neoplastic Mya arenaria in the field. Marine Biology, 110, 249-252. Brousseau, D.J., 1978b. Population dynamics of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria. Marine Biology, 50, 67-71. Brown, R.A. & R. Seed., 1976. Modiolus modiolus (L.) - an autoecological study. In Proceedings of the 11th European Symposium on Marine Biology, Galway, 5-11 October, 1976. Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed. B.F. Keegan, P.O. Ceidigh & Boaden, P.J.S.), pp. 93-100. Brown, P.J. & Taylor, R.B., 1999. Effects of trampling by humans on animals inhabiting coralline algal turf in the rocky intertidal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 235, 45-53. Brown, C.J., Eaton, R.A. & Thorp, C.H. 2001. Effects of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative on early fouling community formation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1103-1113. Brown, A.E., Burn, A.J., Hopkins, J.J. & Way, S.F., 1997. The habitats directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, JNCC Report no. 270. Brown, D.H., 1974. Field and laboratory studies on detergent damage to lichens at the Lizard, Cornwall. Cornish Studies, 2, 33-40. Brown, R.A., 1990. Strangford Lough. The wildlife of an Irish sea lough. The Institute of Irish Studies, Queens University of Belfast. Brunetti, R., 1987. Species of Clavelina in the Mediterranean Sea. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, Paris, 63, 101-118. Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J., 1979. Invertebrates. USA: Sinaeur Associates. Bruyns, W.F.J.M., 1971. Field guide of whales and dolphins. Amsterdam: Publishing Company Tors. Bryan, G.W. & Gibbs, P.E., 1983. Heavy metals from the Fal estuary, Cornwall: a study of long-term contamination by mining waste and its effects on estuarine organisms. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. [Occasional Publication, no. 2.] Bryan, G.W. & Gibbs, P.E., 1991. Impact of low concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) on marine organisms: a review. In: Metal ecotoxicology: concepts and applications (ed. M.C. Newman & A.W. McIntosh), pp. 323-361. Boston: Lewis Publishers Inc. Bryan, G.W. & Hummerstone, L.G., 1971. Adaptation of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor to estuarine sediments containing high concentrations of heavy metals. I. General observations and adaption to copper. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 51, 845-863. Bryan, G.W. & Langston, W.J., 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to UK estuaries: a review. Environmental Pollution, 76, 89-131. Bryan, G.W., Langston, W.J., Hummerstone, L.G., Burt, G.R. & Ho, Y.B., 1983. An assessment of the gastropod Littorina littorea (L.) as an indicator of heavy metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63, 327-345. Bryan, G.W., Gibbs, P.E., Hummerstone, L.G. & Burt, G.R., 1987. Copper, Zinc, and organotin as long-term factors governing the distribution of organisms in the Fal estuary in southwest England. Estuaries, 10, 208-219. Bryan, G.W., 1969. The absorption of zinc and other metals by the brown seaweed Laminaria digitata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 49, 225-243. Bryan, G.W., 1984. Pollution due to heavy metals and their compounds. In Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in the Oceans and Coastal Waters, vol. 5. Ocean Management, part 3, (ed. O. Kinne), pp.1289-1431. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Bryan, G.W., Gibbs, P.E., Hummerstone, L.G. & Burt, G.R., 1986. The decline of the gastropod Nucella lapillus around south west England : evidence for the effect of tri-butyl tin from anti-fouling paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 66, 611-640. Buchanan, J.B. & Hedley, R.H., 1960. A contribution to the biology of Astrorhiza limicola (Foraminifera). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 39, 549-60. Buchanan, J.B. & Moore, J.B., 1986. A broad review of variability and persistence in the Northumberland benthic fauna - 1971-85. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 66, 641-657. Buchanan, J.B. & Warwick, R.M., 1974. An estimate of benthic macrofaunal production in the offshore mud of the Northumberland coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 197-222. Buchanan, J.B., 1963. The biology of Calocaris macandreae ( Crustacea: Thalassinidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 43, 729-747. Buchanan, J.B., 1963(b). The bottom fauna communities and their sediment relationships off the coast of Northumberland. Oikos, 14, 154-175. Buchanan, J.B., 1964. A comparative study of some of the features of the biology of Amphiura filiformis and Amphiura chiajei (Ophiuroidea) considered in relation to their distribution. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 44, 565-576. Buchanan, J.B., 1965. Silt transportation and the distribution of macrobenthic animals off the Northumberland coast. Report of the Challenger Society, 3, 45. Buchanan, J.B., 1966. The biology of Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata: Spatangoidea) from different habitats. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 46, 97-114. Buchanan, J.B., 1967. Dispersion and demography of some infaunal echinoderm populations. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 20, 1-11. Buchanan, J.B., 1974. A study of long term population stability in a benthic crustacean. Proceedings of the Challenger Society, 4, 252-253. Buchsbaum, R.N., Short, F.T. & Cheney, D.P., 1990. Phenolic-nitrogen interactions in eelgrass Zostera marina: possible implications for disease resistance. Aquatic Botany, 37, 291-297. Bucklin, A., 1985. Biochemical genetic variation, growth and regeneration of the sea anemone, Metridium, of British shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 65, 141-157. Buhr, K.J. & Winter, J.E., 1977. Distribution and maintenance of a Lanice conchilega association in the Weser estuary (FRG), with special reference to the suspension-feeding behaviour of Lanice conchilega. In Proceedings of the Eleventh European Symposium of Marine Biology, University College, Galway, 5-11 October 1976. Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed. B.F. Keegan, P.O. Ceidigh & P.J.S. Boaden), pp. 101-113. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Buhr, K-J., 1976. Suspension-feeding and assimilation efficiency in Lanice conchilega. Marine Biology, 38, 373-383. Bull, K.R., Every, W.J., Freestone, P., Hall, J.R. & Osborn, D., 1983. Alkyl lead pollution and bird mortalities on the Mersey Estuary, UK. Environmental Pollution (A), 31, 239-259. Bull, H.O., 1939. The growth of Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) under aquarium conditions. Report of the Dove Marine Laboratory, Series 6, 39-41. Bullimore, B., 1985. An investigation into the effects of scallop dredging within the Skomer Marine Reserve. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council by the Skomer Marine Reserve Subtidal Monitoring Project, S.M.R.S.M.P. Report, no 3. Bulnheim, H.P., 1984. Physiological responses of various Gammarus species to environmental stress. Limnologica (Berlin), 15, 461-467. Burdin, K.S. & Bird, K.T., 1994. Heavy metal accumulation by carrageenan and agar producing algae. Botanica Marina, 37, 467-470. Burkholder, J.M., Mason, K.M. & Glasgow, H.B. Jr., 1992. Water-column nitrate enrichment promotes decline of eelgrass Zostera marina: evidence from seasonal mesocosm experiments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 81, 163-178. Burkholder, J.M., Gasgow Jr., H.B. & Cooke, J.E., 1994. Comparative effects of water-column nitrate enrichment on eelgrass Zostera marina, shoalgrass Halodule wrightii, and wigeongrass Ruppia maritima. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 105, 121-138. Burrows, E.M. & Lodge, S.M., 1950. Note on the inter-relationships of Patella, Balanus and Fucus on a semi-exposed coast. Report of the Marine Biological Station, Port Erin, 62, 30-34. Burrows, E.M. & Lodge, S.M., 1951. Autecology and the species problem in Fucus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 30, 161-176. Burrows, E.M., 1959. Growth form and environment in Enteromorpha. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, 204-206. Burrows, E.M., 1971. Assessment of pollution effects by the use of algae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 177, 295-306. Burrows, E.M., 1991. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2. Chlorophyta. London: British Museum (Natural History). Burt, G.R., Bryan, G.W., Langston, W.J. & Hummerstone, l.G., 1992. Mapping the distribution of metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries. Final report on DoE Contract PECD 7/7/280. Burton, P.J.K., 1961. The Brent goose and its winter food supply in Essex. Wildfowl, 12, 104-112. Butcher, R.W., 1941. Zostera: report on the present conditions of eelgrass on the coasts of England, based on a survey during August to October, 1933. The International Wildfowl Inquiry, 1, 49-65. Butman, C.A., 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 25, 113-165. Buxton, C.D., Newell, R.C. & Field, J.G., 1981. Response-surface analysis of the combined effects of exposure and acclimation temperatures on filtration, oxygen consumption and scope for growth in the oyster Ostrea edulis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 6, 73-82. Buzas, M.A., 1978. Foraminifera as prey for benthic deposit feeders: results of predator exclusion experiments. Journal of Marine Research, 36, 617-625 Byren, B.A. & Davies, B.R., 1986. The influence of invertebrates on the breakdown of Potamogeton pectinatus L. in a coastal marina (Zandvlei, South Africa). Hydrobiologia, 137, 141-151. Cabaço, S., Alexandre, A. & Santos, R., 2005. Population-level effects of clam harvesting on the seagrass Zostera noltii Marine Ecology Progress Series, 298, 123-129 Cabioch, L. & Glaçon, R., 1975. Distribution des peuplements benthiques en Manche orientale, de la baie de Some au Pas-de-Calais. Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 280, 491-494. Cabioch, L., Dauvin, J.C. & Gentil, F., 1978. Preliminary observations on pollution of the sea bed and disturbance of sub-littoral communities in northern Brittany by oil from the Amoco Cadiz. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 9, 303-307. Cabioch, L., 1968. Contribution a la connaissance des peuplements benthiques de la Manche occidentale. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 9, 493 - 720. Cabioch, J., 1969. Les fonds de maerl de la baie de Morlaix et leur peuplement vegetale. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 10, 139-161. Caddy, J.F., 1967. Maturation of gametes and spawning in Macoma balthica (L.). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 45, 955-965. Calder, D.R., 1976. The zonation of hydroid colonies along salinity gradients in South Carolina estuaries. In Coelenterate ecology and behaviour (ed. G.O. Mackie), pp. 165-174. New York: Plenum Press. Cambridge, M., Breeman, A.M., van Oosterwijk, R. & van den Hoek, C., 1984. Temperature responses of some North American Cladophora species (Chlorophyceae) in relation to their geographic distribution. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 38, 349-363. Cardell, M.J., Sarda, R. & Romero, J., 1998. Spatial changes in sublittoral soft-bottom polychaete assemblages due to river inputs and sewage discharges. Acta Oecologica, 20, 343-351. Carefoot, T.H. & Taylor, B.E., 1995. Ligia: a prototypal terrestrial isopod. In Terrestrial isopod biology (ed. M.A. Alikhan), pp. 47-60. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. [Crustacean Issues 9.] Carey, D.A., 1983. Particle resuspension in the benthic boundary layer induced by flow around polychaete tubes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40 (Suppl. 1), 301-308. Carey, D.A., 1987. Sedimentological effects and palaeoecological implications of the tube-building polychaete Lanice conchilega Pallas. Sedimentology, 34, 49-66. Carlgren, O., 1921. Actiniaria, part 1. Danish Ingolf Expedition, V, no. 9. Carlgren, O., 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakadamiens Handlingar, Series 4, 1, 16-110. Carlisle, D.B., 1954. Styela mammiculata, a new species of ascidian from the Plymouth area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 33, 329-334. Carnevali, M.D.C., Galassi, S., Bonasoro, F., Patruno, M. & Thorndyke, M.C., 2001. Regenerative response and endocrine disrupters in crinoid echinoderms: arm regeneration in Antedon mediterranea after experimental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 204, 835-842. Carter, C.G., Grove, D.J. & Carter, D.M., 1991. Trophic resource partitioning between two co-existing flatfish species off the North coast of Anglesey, North Wales. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 27, 325-335. Cartlidge, D. & Hiscock, K., 1980. South west Britain sub-littoral survey: field survey of sublittoral habitats and species in North Pembrokeshire. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, CSD Report, no. 295. Carvalho, G.R., 1989. Microgeographic genetic differentiation and dispersal capacity in the intertidal isopod, Jaera albifrons Leach. In Proceedings of the 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium, Swansea, 5-9 September 1988. Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms (ed. J.S. Ryland & P.A. Tyler), pp. 265-271. Denmark: Olsen & Olsen. Casey, J.D., De Grave, S. & Burnell, G.M., 1998. Intersex and Littorina littorea in Cork Harbour: results of a medium-term monitoring programme. Hydrobiologia, 378, 193-197. Caspers, H., 1981. Long-term changes in benthic fauna resulting from sewage sludge dumping in the North Sea. Water Science and Technology, 13, 461-479. Castric, A., 1977. Recrutement et succession du benthos rocheux sublittoral. In Proceedings of the Eleventh European Symposium on Marine Biology, University College, Galway, 5-11 October 1976. Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed. B.F. Keegan et al.), pp 147-154. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Castric-Fey, A., 1974. Les peuplements sessiles du benthos rocheux de l'archipel de Glenan (Sud-Bretagne). Ecologie descriptive and experimentale. Ph. D. thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, L' Université Paris, Paris, France. Castric-Fey, A., 1983. Recruitment, growth and longevity of Pomatoceros triqueter and Pomatoceros lamarckii (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) on experimental panels in the Concarneau area, South Brittany. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, Paris, 59, 69-91. Chamberlain, Y.M., 1996. Lithophylloid Corallinaceae (Rhodophycota) of the genera Lithophyllum and Titausderma from southern Africa. Phycologia, 35, 204-221. Chandrasekara, W.U. & Frid, C.L.J., 1998. A laboratory assessment of the survival and vertical movement of two epibenthic gastropod species, Hydrobia ulvae, (Pennant) and Littorina littorea (Linnaeus), after burial in sediment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 221, 191-207. Chapman, V.J. & Chapman, D.J., 1980. Seaweeds and their uses. Chapman & Hall. Chapman, A.R.O. & Johnson, C.R., 1990. Disturbance and organization of macroalgal assemblages in the Northwest Atlantic. Hydrobiologia, 192, 77-121. Chapman, P.M., Churchland, L.M., Thomson, P.A. & Michnowsky, E., 1980. Heavy metal studies with oligochaetes. In Aquatic oligochaete biology, Proceedings of the first international symposium on aquatic oligochaete biology, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, May 1-4, 1979 (ed. R.O. Brinkhurst & D.G. Cook), pp.477-502. New York: Plenum Press. Chapman, P.M., Farrell, M.A. & Brinkhurst, R.O., 1982. Effects of species interactions on the survival and respiration of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) exposed to various pollutants and environmental factors. Water Research, 16, 1405-1408. Chapman, N.D., Moore, C.G., Harries, D.B. & Lyndon, A.R., 2007. Recruitment patterns of Serpula vermicularis L. (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) in Loch Creran, Scotland. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 598-606 Chapman, V.J., 1976. Coastal Vegetation. Permagon Press. Chapman, A.R.O., 1981. Stability of sea urchin dominated barren grounds following destructive grazing of kelp in St. Margaret's Bay, Eastern Canada. Marine Biology, 62, 307-311. Chapman, A.R.O., 1990. Effects of grazing, canopy cover and substratum type on the abundances of common species of seaweeds inhabiting littoral fringe rock pools. Botanica Marina, 33, 319-326. Charles, G.H., 1966. Sense organs (less Cephalopods). In Physiology of Mollusca, vol. 2 (ed. K.M. Wilbur & C.M. Yonge), pp. 455-521. New York: Academic Press. Charpentier, A., Grillas, P., Lescuyer, F., Coulet, E. & Auby, I. 2005. Spatio-temporal dynamics of a Zostera noltii dominated community over a period of fluctuating salinity in a shallow lagoon, Southern France Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 64, 307-315 Chassaud-Bouchard, C., 1992. Biological effects of uranium and transuranium nuclides on marine bivalves Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea gigas and Cerastoderma edule: microanalysis at the cellular and subcellular levels. In Proceedings of the FAO/UNEP/IOC Workshop on the biological effects of pollutants on marine organisms, 10-14 September 1991, Malta. (ed. G.D. Gabrielides).(MAP Technical Report Series, no. 69.) Cheng, L. (ed.), 1976. Marine insects. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. Chester, C.M., Turner, R., Carle, M & Harris, L.G., 2000. Life history of a hydroid/nudibranch association: a discrete-event simulation. Veliger, 43, 338-348. Chesworth, J.C., Donkin, M.E. & Brown, M.T., 2004. The interactive effects of the antifouling herbicides Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on the seagrass Zostera marina (L.) Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 293-305 Chia, F.S. & Crawford, B.J., 1973. Some observations on gametogenesis, larval development and substratum selection of the sea pen Ptilosarcus guerneyi. Marine Biology, 23, 73-82. Chia, F.S. & Spaulding, J.G., 1972. Development and juvenile growth of the sea anemone Tealia crassicornis. Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 142, 206-218. Chia, F.-S., Buckland-Nicks, J. & Young, C.M., 1984. Locomotion of marine invertebrate larvae: a review. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 1205-1222. Chintiroglou, C. & Koukouras, A., 1992. The feeding habits of three Mediterranean sea anemone species, Anemonia viridis (Forskål), Actinia equina (Linnaeus) and Cereus pedunculatus (Pennant). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 46, 53-68. Choat, J.H. & Kingett, P.D., 1982. The influence of fish predation on the abundance cycles of an algal turf invertebrate fauna. Oecologia, 54, 88-95. Chock, J.S. & Mathieson, A.C., 1976. Ecological studies of the salt marsh ecad scorpioides (Hornemann) Hauck of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 23, 171-190. Chock, J.S. & Mathieson, A.C., 1979. Physiological ecology of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis and its detached ecad scorpioides (Hornemann) Hauck (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina, 22, 21-26. Chopin, T. & Wagey, B.T., 1999. Factorial study of the effects of phosphorus and nitrogen enrichments on nutrient and carrageenan content in Chondrus crispus (Rhododphyceae) and on residual nutrient concentration in seawater. Botanica Marina, 42, 23-31. Chopin, T., Pringle, J.D. & Semple, R.E., 1988. Reproductive capacity of dragraked and non-dragraked Irish moss (Chondrus crispus Stackhouse) beds in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 45, 758-766. Christie , A.O. & Evans, L.V., 1962. Periodicity in the liberation of gametes and zoospores of Enteromorpha intestinalis Link. Nature, 193, 193-194. Christie, H., Fredriksen, S. & Rinde, E., 1998. Regrowth of kelp and colonization of epiphyte and fauna community after kelp trawling at the coast of Norway. Hydrobiologia, 375/376, 49-58. Christie, G., 1985. A comparative study of the reproductive cycles of three Northumberland populations of Chaetozone setosa (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 65, 239-254. Clark, R.B. & Haderlie, E.C., 1960. The distribution of Nephtys cirrosa and Nephtys hombergii of the south western coasts of England and Wales. Journal of Animal Ecology, 29, 117-147. Clark, M.E., 1968. The ecology of supralittoral rockpools with special reference to the copepod fauna. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Clark, R.B., 1992. Marine pollution, 3rd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Clark, R.B., 1997. Marine Pollution, 4th ed. Oxford: Carendon Press. Clark, R.B., Alder, J.R. & McIntyre, A.D., 1962. The distribution of Nephtys on the Scottish coast. Journal of Animal Ecology, 31, 359-372. Clarke, G.L., 1947. Poisoning and recovery in barnacles and mussels. Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 92, 73-91. Clarke, M. R., 1966. A review of the systematics and ecology of oceanic squids. Advanced Marine Biology, 4, 91-300. Clay, E., 1966. Literature survey of the common fauna of estuaries. 12. Mya arenaria L., Mya truncata L. Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Brixham Laboratory, BL/A/707. Clay, E., 1967a. Literature survey of the common fauna of estuaries, 2. Arenicola marina Linnaeus. Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Brixham Laboratory, PVM45/A/395. Clay, E., 1967c. Literature survey of the common fauna of estuaries, 1. Cirratulus cirratusO.F. Müller. Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Brixham Laboratory, PVM45/A/374. Cocito, S., Sgarbini, S. & Bianchi, C.N., 1998a. Aspects of the biology of the bryozoan Pentapora fascialis in the northwestern Mediterranean. Marine Biology, 131, 73-82. Cocito, S., Ferdeghini, F., & Sgorbini, S., 1998b. Pentapora fascialis (Pallas) [Cheilostomata: Ascophora] colonization of one sublittoral rocky site after sea-storm in the northwest Mediterranean. Hydrobiologia, 375/376, 59-66. Coffen-Smout, S.S. & Rees, E.I.S., 1999. Burrowing behaviour and dispersion of cockles Cerastoderma edule following simulated fishing disturbance. Fisheries Research, 40, 65-72. Cole, K. & Conway, E., 1980. Studies in the Bangiaceae: reproductive modes. Botanica Marina, 23, 545-553. Cole, H.A. & Hancock, D.A., 1956. Progress in oyster research in Britain 1949-1954, with special reference to the control of pests and diseases. Rapports du Conseils International Pour L'Exploration de la Mer, 140, 24-29. Cole, S., Codling, I.D., Parr, W. & Zabel, T., 1999. Guidelines for managing water quality impacts within UK European Marine sites. Natura 2000 report prepared for the UK Marine SACs Project. 441 pp. Colin, P.L., Suchanek, T.H. & McMurtry, G., 1986. Water pumping and particulate resuspension by callianassids (Crustacea: Thalassinidea)at Enewetak and Bikini Atolls, Marshall Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38, 19-24. Collier, L.M. & Pinn, E.H., 1998. An assessment of the acute impact of the sea lice treatment Ivermectin on a benthic community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 230, 131-147. Collins, K.J. & Mallinson, J.J., 1987. Marine flora and fauna of Southampton Docks. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 721. Collins, P.M., 2001. A quantitative survey of the associated flora and fauna of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) reefs at Criccieth, North Wales. MSc thesis, University of Wales, Bangor. Collins, K., 2003a. Dorset marine habitat surveys: maerl, worms reefs, seagrass and brittlestars. 2002 survey results. Report to Dorset Wildlife Trust, English Nature and PADI AWARE from the School of Ocean and Earth Science. University of Southampton. 18 pp. Collins, K., 2003b. Dorset marine habitat surveys: maerl, worms reefs, bream nests, sea fans and brittlestars. 2003 survey results. Report to Dorset Wildlife Trust and English Nature from the School of Ocean and Earth Science. University of Southampton. 14 pp. Collins, K., 2005. Dorset marine habitat surveys: maerl, worm reefs, brittlestars, sea fans and seagrass. 2004 field report. Progress report to English Nature from the School of Ocean and Earth Science. University of Southampton. [Project Ref: DP1/Dorset/MarineHabitat/04/06]. 14 pp. Colloff, M.J., 1983. Oribatid mites associated with marine and maritime lichens on the island of Great Cumbrae. Glasgow Naturalist, 20, 347-359. Comely, C.A. & Ansell, A.D., 1988. Invertebrate associates of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. from the Scottish west coast. Ophelia, 28, 111-137. Comely, C.A., 1978. Modiolus modiolus (L.) from the Scottish West coast. I. Biology. Ophelia, 17, 167-193. Comely, C.A., 1981. The physical and biological condition of Modiolus modiolus (L.) in selected Shetland voes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B, 80, 299-321. Commito, J.A., 1982. Effects of Lunatia heros predation on the population dynamics of Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica in Maine, USA. Marine Biology, 69, 187-193. Commito, J.A., 1987. Adult-larval interactions: predictions, mussels and cocoons. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 25, 599-606. Conan, G., 1982. The long-term effects of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 297, 323-333. Connell, J.H., 1961. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs, 31, 61-104. Connor, D.W., Dalkin, M.J., Hill, T.O., Holt, R.H.F. & Sanderson, W.G., 1997a. Marine biotope classification for Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2. Sublittoral biotopes. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, JNCC Report no. 230, Version 97.06. Connor, D.W., Brazier, D.P., Hill, T.O., & Northen, K.O., 1997b. Marine biotope classification for Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1. Littoral biotopes. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, JNCC Report no. 229, Version 97.06. Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Howell, K.L., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O. & Reker, J.B., 2004. The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland. Version 04.05. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Available from: <www.jncc.gov.uk/MarineHabitatClassification> Conolly N.J. & Drew, E.A., 1985. Physiology of Laminaria. III. Effect of a coastal eutrophication on seasonal patterns of growth and tissue composition in Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina. Marine Ecology, Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I, 6, 181-195. Conway Morris, S., 1995. A new phylum from the lobster's lips. Nature, 378, 661-662. Cook, P.L., 1964. The development of Electra monostachys (Busk) and Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus), Polyzoa, Anasca. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 5, 391-397. Cook, W., 1990. Studies on the effects of hydraulic dredging on cockle and other macroinvertebrate populations 1989-1990. North Western and North Wales Sea Fisheries Committee. Coosen, J., Seys, J., Meire, P.M. & Craeymeersch, J.A.M, 1994. Effect of sedimentological and hydrodynamical changes in the intertidal areas of the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands) on distribution, density and biomass of five common macrobenthic species… (abridged). Hydrobiologia, 282/283, 235-249. Cordaux, R., Michel-Salzat, A. & Bouchon, D., 2001. Wolbachia infection in crustaceans: novel hosts and potential routes of transmission. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14, 237-243. Cornelius, P.F.S., 1990b. Evolution of leptolid life-cycles (Cnidaria: Hydroida). Journal of Natural History, 24, 579-594. Cornelius, P.F.S., 1992. Medusa loss in leptolid Hydrozoa (Cnidaria), hydroid rafting, and abbreviated life-cycles among their remote island faunae: an interim review. Scientia Maritima, 56, 245-261. [Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop of the Hydrozoan Society, Spain, September 1991. Aspects of hydrozoan biology (ed. Bouillon, J., F. Cicognia, J.M. Gili & R.G. Hughes).] Cornelius, P.F.S., 1995a. North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 1. Introduction, Laodiceidae to Haleciidae. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) (ed. R.S.K. Barnes & J.H. Crothers), The Linnean Society of London, 50. Shrewsbury: Field Studies Council. [Synopses of the British Fauna no. 50] Cornelius, P.F.S., 1995b. North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 2. Sertulariidae to Campanulariidae. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) (ed. R.S.K. Barnes & J.H. Crothers), The Linnean Society of London, 50. Shrewsbury: Field Studies Council. [Synopses of the British Fauna no. 50] Correa, J.A. & McLachlan, J.L., 1992. Endophytic algae of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta). 4. Effects on the host following infections by Acrochaete operculata and A. heteroclada (Chlorophyta). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 81, 73-87. Costa, M.J. & Elliot, M., 1991. Fish usage and feeding in two industrialised estuaries - the Tagus, Portugal and the Forth, Scotland. In Estuaries and Coasts: Spatial and Temporal Intercomparisons (ed. B. Knights & A.J. Phillips), pp. 289-297. Denmark: Olsen & Olsen. Cotter, A.J.R., Walker, P., Coates, P., Cook, W. & Dare, P.J., 1997. Trial of a tractor dredger for cockles in Burry Inlet, South Wales. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54, 72-83. Cotter, E., O'Riordan, R.M & Myers, A.A. 2003. Recruitment patterns of serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 83, 41-48. Coull, B.C. & Wells, J.B.J., 1983. Refuges from fish predation: experiments with phytal meiofauna from the New Zealand rocky intertidal. Ecology, 64, 1599-1609. Coulon, P. & Jangoux, M., 1987. Gregarine species (Apicomplexa) parasitic in the burrowing echinoid Echinocardium cordatum: occurrence and host reaction. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2, 135-145. Cousens, R., 1984. Estimation of annual production by the intertidal brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis. Botanica Marina, 27, 217-227. Covey, R. & Hocking, S., 1987. Helford River Survey. Report for the Heinz, Guardians of the Countryside and World Wide Fund for Nature, 121 pp. Covey, R., 1998. Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 11. Liverpool Bay and the Solway Firth: area summaries. Cowie, N.R., Sutherland, W.J., Ditlhogo, M.K.M. & James, R., 1992. The effects of conservation management of reed beds. II. The flora and litter disappearance. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 277-284. Cox, J., 1991. Dredging for the American hard-shell clam - implications for nature conservation. Ecosystems. A Review of Conservation, 12, 50-54. Coyner, A., Gupta, G. & Jones, T., 2001. Effects of chlorsulfuron on growth of submerged aquatic macrophyte Potamogeton pectinatus (sage pondweed). Environmental Pollution, 111, 453-455. Craeymeersch, J.A., Herman, P.M.J. & Meire, P.M., 1986. Secondary production of an intertidal mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) population in the Eastern Scheldt (S.W. Netherlands). Hydrobiologia, 133, 107-115. Craigie, J.S. & Correa, J.A., 1996. Etiology of infectious diseases in cultivated Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Hydrobiologia, 326-327, 97-104. Cramp, S. & Simmons, 1983. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The birds of the Paleartic. Vol. III. Waders to Gulls. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The birds of the Paleartic. Vol. III. Waders to Gulls. Oxford University Press. Cramp, S., 1988. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The birds of the western Paleartic. Vol. V. Tryrant flycatchers to thrushes. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The birds of the western Paleartic. Vol. V. Tryrant flycatchers to thrushes. Oxford University Press. Crisp, D.J. & Mwaiseje, B., 1989. Diversity in intertidal communities with special reference to the Corallina officinalis community. Scientia Marina, 53, 365-372. Crisp, D.J. & Ritz, D.A., 1967. Changes in temperature tolerance of Balanus balanoides during its life cycle. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 15, 98-115. Crisp, D.J. & Southward, A.J., 1961. Different types of cirral activity Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 243, 271-308. Crisp, D.J., 1958. The spread of Elminius modestus Darwin in north-west Europe. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 37, 483-520. Crisp, D.J., 1960. Factors influencing the growth rate of Balanus balanoides. Journal of Animal Ecology, 29, 95-110. Crisp, D.J. (ed.), 1964. The effects of the severe winter of 1962-63 on marine life in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology, 33, 165-210. Crompton, T.R., 1997. Toxicants in the aqueous ecosystem. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Crothers, J.H., 1985. Dog-whelks: an introduction to the biology of Nucella lapillus (L.) Field Studies, 6, 291-360. Clyde River Purification Board, 1976. Monitoring in the Loch Fyne designated sea area. A survey in relation to the Stage III construction of a concrete gas production platform. Clyde River Purification Board, Technical Report No. 42., Unpublished. Crump, R.G. & Emson, R.H., 1997. Observations on the effects of the Sea Empress pollution incident on the seastars of tide pools at West Angle, Pembrokeshire. Sea Empress Environmental Evaluation Committee (SEEEC), 6 pp. Crump, R. & Moore, J., 1997. Monitoring of upper littoral lichens at Sawdern Point. Report to the Shoreline and Terrestrial Task Group, Sea Empress Environmental Evaluation Committee (SEEEC), July 1997. Crump, R.G., Morley, H.S., & Williams, A.D., 1999. West Angle Bay, a case study. Littoral monitoring of permanent quadrats before and after the Sea Empress oil spill. Field Studies, 9, 497-511. Cryer, M., Whittle, B.N. & Williams, K., 1987. The impact of bait collection by anglers on marine intertidal invertebrates. Biological Conservation, 42, 83-93. Cullinane, J.P., McCarthy, P. & Fletcher, A., 1975. The effect of oil pollution in Bantry Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 6, 173-176. Cummins, K.W., 1974. Structure and function of stream ecosystems. Bioscience, 24, 631-641. Cunha, M.R. & Moreira, M.H., 1995. Macrobenthos of Potamogeton and Myriophyllum beds in the upper reaches of Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, NW Portugal): community structure and environmental factors. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 29, 377-390. Cunningham, P.N., Hawkins, S.J., Jones, H.D. & Burrows, M.T., 1984. The geographical distribution of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) in England, Wales and Scotland, with investigations into the community structure of and the effects of trampling on Sabellaria alveolata colonies. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, Contract Report no. HF3/11/22. Cuomo, M.C., 1985. Sulphide as a larval settlement cue for Capitella sp. I. Biogeochemistry, 1, 169-181. Curtis, M.A., 1977. Life cycles and population dynamics of marine benthic polychaetes from the Disko Bay area of W. Greenland. Ophelia, 16, 9-58. d' Antonia, C., 1985. Epiphytes on the rocky intertidal red alga Rhodomela latrix (Turner) C. Agardh: negative effects on the host and food for herbivores? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 86, 197-218. Daan, R. & Mulder, M., 1996. On the short-term and long-term impact of drilling activities in the Dutch sector of the North Sea ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53, 1036-1044. Daan, R., Groenewould van het, H., Jong de, S.A. & Mulder, M., 1992. Physico-chemical and biological features of a drilling site in the North Sea, 1 year after discharges of oil-contaminated drill cuttings. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 91, 37-45. Dad, N.K., Qureshi, S.A. & Pandya, V.K., 1982. Acute toxicity of two insecticides to tubificid worms, Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. Environmental International, 7, 361-363. Dahllöf, I., Blanck, H., Hall, P.O.J. & Molander, S., 1999. Long term effects of tri-n-butyl-tin on the function of a marine sediment system. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 188, 1-11. Dale, N.G., 1974. Bacteria in intertidal sediments: factors related to their distribution. Limnology and Oceanography, 19, 509-518. Dales, R.P. & Warren, L.M., 1980. Survival of hypoxic conditions by the polychaete Cirriformia tentaculata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 509-516. Dales, R.P., 1951. Notes on the reproduction and early development of the cirratulid Tharyx marioni (St Joseph). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 30, 113-117. Dales, R.P., 1958. Survival of anaerobic periods by two intertidal polychaetes, Arenicola marina (L.) and Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 37, 521-529. Dalkin, M.J., Gudmundsson, H. & Barnett, B., 1996. HEC grid survey 1995 (Subtidal benthic survey- quinquennial classification). Daly, M.A. & Mathieson, A.C., 1977. The effects of sand movement on intertidal seaweeds and selected invertebrates at Bound Rock, New Hampshire, USA. Marine Biology, 43, 45-55. Dame, R.F., 1992. The role of bivalve filter feeder material fluxes in estuarine ecosystems. In Bivalve filter feeders in estuarine and coastal ecosystem processes (ed. R.F. Dame), pp. 246-269. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [NATO Advanced Science Institute Series G: Ecological Sciences, vol. 33.] Dame, R.F.D., 1996. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: an Ecosystem Approach. New York: CRC Press Inc. [Marine Science Series.] Dando, P.R. & Southward, A.J., 1986. Chemoautotrophy in bivalve molluscs of the Genus Thyasira. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 915-929. Dando, P.R. & Spiro, B., 1993. Varying nutritional dependence of the thyasirid bivalves Thyasira sarsi and Thyasira equalis on chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria, demonstrated by isotope ratios of tissue carbon and shell carbonate. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 151-158. Daniel, M.J. & Boyden, C.R., 1975. Diurnal variations in physico-chemical conditions within intertidal rockpools. Field Studies, 4, 161-176. Dankers, N. & de Vlas, J., 1992. Multifunctioneel beheer in de Waddenzee, integratie van natuurbeheer en schelpdiervisserij. Institute for Forestry and Nature Research, RIN Report, no. 92/15, 18pp. Dare, P.J., 1976. Settlement, growth and production of the mussel, Mytilus edulis L., in Morecambe Bay, England. Fishery Investigations, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Series II, 28 , 25pp. Daro, M.H. & Polk, P., 1973. The autecology of Polydora ciliata along the Belgian coast. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 6, 130-140. Dauer, D.M., 1983. Functional morphology and feeding behaviour of Scolelepis squamata. Marine Biology, 77, 279-285. Dauvin, J-C. & Bellan-Santini, D., 1990. An overview of the amphipod genus Haploops (Ampeliscidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 70, 887-903. Dauvin, J-C. & Gentil, F., 1989. Long-term changes in populations of subtidal bivalves (Abra alba and Abra prismatica) from the Bay of Morlaix (Western English Channel). Marine Biology, 103, 63-73. Dauvin, J.C., Bellan, G., Bellan-Santini, D., Castric, A., Francour, P., Gentil, F., Girard, A., Gofas, S., Mahe, C., Noel, P., & Reviers, B. de., 1994. Typologie des ZNIEFF-Mer. Liste des parametres et des biocoenoses des cotes francaises metropolitaines. 2nd ed. Secretariat Faune-Flore, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Collection Patrimoines Naturels, Serie Patrimoine Ecologique, No. 12). Coll. Patrimoines Naturels, vol. 12, Secretariat Faune-Flore, Paris. Dauvin, J.C., 1982. Impact of Amoco Cadiz oil spill on the muddy fine sand Abra alba - Melinna palmata community from the Bay of Morlaix. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 14, 517-531. Dauvin, J.C., 1985. Dynamics and production of a population of Venus ovata (Pennant) (Mollusca-Bivalvia) of Morlaix Bay (western English Channel). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 91, 109-123. Dauvin, J.-C., 1986. Biologie, dynamique et production d'une population d' Abra alba (Wood) (mollusque-bivalve) de la baie de Morlaix (Manche occidentiale). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 97, 151-180. Dauvin, J.C., 1988a. Structure and trophic organization of the Amphioxus lanceolatus - Venus fasciata community from the Bay of Morlaix (Brittany). Cahiers de Biologie Marine. Paris, 29, 163-185. Dauvin, J.C., 1988b. Biologie, dynamique, et production de populations de Crustacés amphipodes de la Manche occidentale. 1. Ampelisca tenuicornis Liljeborg. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 118, 55-84. Dauvin, J.C., 1988c. The life cycle, population dynamics and production of the populations of amphipod crustaceans of the English Channel. 3. Ampelisca typica (Bate). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 121, 1-22. Dauvin, J.C., 1988d. Life cycle, dynamics, and productivity of Crustacea-Amphipoda from the western English Channel. 4. Ampelisca armoricana Bellan-Santini et Dauvin. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 123, 235-252 Dauvin, J.C., 1988e. Biologie, dynamique, et production de populations de crustacés amphipodes de la Manche occidentale. 2. Ampelisca brevicornis (Costa). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 119, 213-233. Dauvin, J.C., 1989. Life cycle, dynamics and productivity of Crustacea-Amphipoda from the western English Channel. 5. Ampelisca sarsi Chevreux. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 128, 31-56. Dauvin, J.C., 1998. The fine sand Abra alba community of the Bay of Morlaix twenty years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 669-676. Dauvin, J.C., 2000. The muddy fine sand Abra alba - Melinna palmata community of the Bay of Morlaix twenty years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 528-536. Dauwe, B., Herman, P.M.J. & Heip, C.H.R., 1998. Community structure and bioturbation potential of macrofauna at four North Sea stations with contrasting food supply. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 173, 67-83. Davenport, J. & Kjørsvik, E., 1982. Observations on a Norwegian intertidal population of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus (L.). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 370-371. Davenport, J., Barnett, P.R.O. & McAllen, R.J., 1997. Environmental tolerances of three species of the harpacticoid copepod genus Tigriopus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 77, 3-16. Davenport, J., Moore, P.G., Magill, S.H. & Fraser, L.A., 1998. Enhanced condition in dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.) living under mussel hummocks. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 230, 225-234. Davenport, J., Moore, P.G. & LeCompte, E., 1996. Observations on defensive interactions between predatory dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.) and mussels, Mytilus edulis L. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 206, 133-147. Davey, J.T. & George, C.L., 1986. Specific interactions in soft sediments: factors in the distribution of Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor in the Tamar Estuary. Ophelia, 26, 151-164. David, H.M., 1943. Studies in the autecology of Ascophyllum nodosum. Journal of Ecology, 31, 178-198. Davidson, N.C. & Rothwell, P.I., 1993. Human disturbance to waterfowl on estuaries: conservation and coastal management implications of current knowledge. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 68, 97-107. Davidson, N.C., Laffoley, D., Doody, J.P., Way, L.S., Key, R., Drake, C.M., Pienkowski, M.W., Mitchell, M.R. & Duff, K.L., 1991. Nature Conservation and Estuaries in Great Britain. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. Davies, C.E. & Moss, D., 1998. European Union Nature Information System (EUNIS) Habitat Classification. Report to European Topic Centre on Nature Conservation from the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire. [Final draft with further revisions to marine habitats.] Davies, G., Dare, P.J. & Edwards, D.B., 1980. Fenced enclosures for the protection of seed mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from predation by shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (L.)) in Morecambe Bay, England. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Fisheries Technical Report, no. 56. Davies, I.M., Smith, P., Nickell, T.D. & Provost, P.G., 1996. Interactions of salmon farming and benthic microbiology in sea lochs. In Aquaculture and sea lochs (ed. K.D. Black), pp. 33-39. Davies, I.M., McHenery, J.G. & Rae, G.H., 1997. Environmental risk from dissolved Ivermectin to marine organisms. Aquaculture, 158, 263-275. Davies, I.M, Gillibrand, P.A., McHenery, J.G. & Rae, G.H., 1998. Environmental risk of Ivermectin to sediment dwelling organisms. Aquaculture, 163, 29-46. Davies, M.S., 1992. Heavy metals in seawater: effects on limpet pedal mucus production. Water Research, 26, 1691-1693. Davis, H.C. & Calabrese, A., 1969. Survival and growth of larvae of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) at different temperatures. Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 136, 193-199. Davis, R.B., 1974. Stratigraphic effects of tubificids in profundal lake sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 19, 466-488. Davison, D.M. & Hughes, D.J., 1998. Zostera biotopes: An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs, Vol. 1. Scottish Association for Marine Science, (UK Marine SACs Project). Davison, I.R., Andrews, M. & Stewart, W.D.P., 1984. Regulation of growth in Laminaria digitata: use of in-vivo nitrate reductase activities as an indicator of nitrogen limitation in field populations of Laminaria spp. Marine Biology, 84, 207-217. Davoult, D., & Gounin, F., 1995. Suspension feeding activity of a dense Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) population at the water-sediment interface: Time coupling of food availability and feeding behaviour of the species. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 41, 567-577. Davoult, D., Gounin, F. & Richard, A., 1990. Dynamique et reproduction de la population d'Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) du détroit du Pas de Calais (Manche orientale). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 138, 201-216. Davoult, D., Gounin, F. & Janquin, M.A., 1991. Ammonium excretion by the ophiurid Ophiothrix fragilis as a function of season and tide. Marine Biology, 111, 425-429. Davoult, D., Dewarumez, J.M., & Frontier, S., 1993. Long-term changes (1979-90) in 3 benthic communities (eastern English Channel): Use of factor analysis and rank frequency diagrams for studying structural developments. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 27, 415-426. Dawes, C.J. & Guiry, M.D., 1992. Proximate constituents in the seagrasses Zostera marina and Z. noltii in Ireland. Marine Ecology, 13, 307-315. Dawes, C.J., McCoy, E.D. & Heck, K.L., 1991. The tropical western Atlantic including the Caribbean Sea. In Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems, (ed. A.C. Mathieson & P.H. Nienhuis), pp. 215-234. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [Ecosystems of the World no. 24]. Dayton, P.K., Tegner, M.J., Parnell, P.E. & Edwards, P.B., 1992. Temporal and spatial patterns of disturbance and recovery in a kelp forest community. Ecological Monographs, 62, 421-445. Dayton, P.K., 1973. Dispersion, dispersal, and persistence of the annual intertidal alga, Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht. Ecology, 54, 433-438. Dayton, P.K., 1985. Ecology of kelp communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16, 215-245. Degraer, S., Mouton, I., De Neve, L. & Vincx, M., 1999. Community structure and intertidal zonation of the macrobenthos on a macrotidal, ultra-dissipative sandy beach: summer-winter comparison. Estuaries, 22, 742-752. Den Hartog, C. 1987. ‘Wasting disease’ and other dynamic phenomena in Zostera beds Aquaic Botany, 27, 3-14 Dernie, K.M., Kaiser, M.J., Richardson, E.A. & Warwick, R.M., 2003. Recovery of soft sediment communities and habitats following physical disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 285-286, 415-434. Deslou-Paoli, J.M. & Heral, M., 1986. Crepidula fornicata (L.) (Gastropoda, Calyptraeidae) in the bay of Marennes-Oleron: Biochemical composition and energy value of individuals and spawning. Oceanologica Acta, 9, 305-311. Desprez, M.H., Rybarczyk, H., Wilson, J.G., Ducrotoy, J.P., Sueur, F., Olivesi, R. & Elkaim, B., 1992. Biological impact of eutrophication in the Bay of Somme and the induction and impact of anoxia. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 30, 149-159. Desroy, N. & Retière, C., 2001. Long-term changes in muddy fine sand community of the Rance Basin: role of recruitment. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 81, 553-564. Dethier, M.N., 1980. Tidepools as refuges: predation and the limits of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus (Baker). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 42, 99-111. Dethier, M.N., 1984. Disturbance and recovery in intertidal pools: maintenance of mosaic patterns. Ecological Monographs, 54, 99-118. Deutsch, U. & Fioroni, P., 1996. Effects of tributyltin (TBT) and testosterone on the female genital system in the mesogastropod Littorina littorea (Prosobranchia). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen, 50, 105-115. Dewarumez, J-M., Smigielski, F. & Richard, A., 1976. Abra alba (mollusque lamellibranche) sa localisation en zone littorale de la mer du Nord. Haliotis, 7, 13-19. Dewarumez, J-M., Davoult, D., Anorve, L.E.S. & Frontier, S., 1992. is the 'muddy heterogenous sediment assemblage' an ecotone between the pebbles community and the Abra alba community in the Southern Bight of the north Sea? Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 30, 229-238. Deysher, L. & Norton, T.A., 1982. Dispersal and colonization in Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 56, 179-195. Dias, A.S. & Paula, J., 2001. Associated fauna of Sabellaria alveolata colonies on the central coast of Portugal. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 81, 169-170. Diaz, R.J. & Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 33, 245-303. Diaz, R.J., 1980. Ecology of tidal freshwater and estuarine Tubificidae (Oligochaeta). In Aquatic oligochaete biology, Proceedings of the first international symposium on aquatic oligochaete biology, Sydney, British Colombia, Canada, May 1-4, 1979, (ed. R.O. Brinkhurst & D.G. Cook), pp. 319-330. New York: Plenum Press. Diaz-Castaneda, V., Richard, A. & Frontier, S., 1989. Preliminary results on colonization, recovery and succession in a polluted areas of the southern North Sea (Dunkerque's Harbour, France). Scientia Marina, 53, 705-716. Dickinson, C.I., 1963. British seaweeds. London & Frome: Butler & Tanner Ltd. Dicks, B. & Hartley, J.P., 1982. The effects of repeated small oil spillages and chronic discharges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, 297, 285-307. Dicks, B. & Levell, D., 1989. Refinery-effluent discharges into Milford Haven and Southampton water. In Ecological Impacts of the Oil Industry (ed. B. Dicks), pp. 287-316. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Dieck, tom. I., 1992. North Pacific and North Atlantic digitate Laminaria species (Phaeophyta): hybridization experiments and temperature responses. Phycologia, 31, 147-163. Dieck, tom. I., 1993. Temperature tolerance and survival in darkness of kelp gametophytes (Laminariales: Phaeophyta) - ecological and biogeographical implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 100, 253-264. Dijkema, K.S., Bossinade, J.H., Bouwsema, P. & de Glopper, R.J., 1990. Salt marshes in the Netherlands Wadden Sea: rising high-tide levels and accretion enhancement. In Expected effects of climate change on marine coastal ecosystems (ed. J.J. Beukema, W.J. Wolff & J.W.M. Brouns), pp. 173-188. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Dinnel, P.A., Pagano, G.G., & Oshido, P.S., 1988. A sea urchin test system for marine environmental monitoring. In Echinoderm Biology. Proceedings of the Sixth International Echinoderm Conference, Victoria, 23-28 August 1987, (R.D. Burke, P.V. Mladenov, P. Lambert, Parsley, R.L. ed.), pp 611-619. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Dipper, F.A. & Beaver, R., 1999. Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 12. Sea lochs in the Clyde Sea: area summaries. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR Series] Ditlhogo, M.K.M., James, R., Laurence, B.R. & Sutherland, W.J., 1992. The effects of conservation management of reed beds. I. The invertebrates. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 265-276. Dittmann, S., Günther, C-P. & Schleier, U., 1999. Recolonization of tidal flats after disturbance. In The Wadden Sea ecosystem: stability, properties and mechanisms (ed. S. Dittmann), pp.175-192. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Dittmann, S., 1999. Biotic interactions in a Lanice conchilega dominated tidal flat. In The Wadden Sea ecosystem, (ed. S. Dittmann), pp.153-162. Germany: Springer-Verlag. Dixon, P.S. & Irvine, L.M., 1977. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1 Rhodophyta. Part 1 Introduction, Nemaliales, Gigartinales. London: British Museum (Natural History) London. Dixon, I., Harrison, K., Hodder, J. & Roberts, C., 1978. Report of the second Dorset Underwater Survey, July 1977-March 1978. Unpublished report to Dorset County Council/ Nature Conservancy Council/ Dorset Naturalists' Trust. Dixon, P.S., 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. Dixon, D.R., 1985. Cytogenetic procedures. Pomatoceros triqueter: A test system for environmental mutagenesis. In The effects of stress and pollution in marine animals. Dobson, F.S., 2000. Lichens: an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Slough: The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. Dolphin, T.J., Hume, T.M. & Parnell, K.E., 1995. Oceanographic processes and sediment mixing on a sand flat in an enclosed sea, Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. Marine Geology, 128, 169-181. Dommasnes, A., 1968. Variation in the meiofauna of Corallina officinalis with wave exposure. Sarsia, 34, 117-124. Dommasnes, A., 1969. On the fauna of Corallina officinalis L. in western Norway. Sarsia, 38, 71-86. Donnan, D.W. & Davies, J., 1996. Assessing the Natural Heritage Importance of Scotland's Maerl Resource. In Partnership in Coastal Zone Management, (ed. J. Taussik & J. Mitchel), 533-540. Dons, C., 1927. Om Vest og voskmåte hos Pomatoceros triqueter. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, LXV, 111-126. Dorsett, D.A., 1961. The reproduction and maintenance of Polydora ciliata (Johnst.) at Whitstable. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 41, 383-396. Doty, S. & Newhouse, J., 1954. The distribution of marine algae into estuarine waters. American Journal of Botany, 41, 508-515. Dow, R.L. & Wallace, D.E., 1961. The soft-shell clam industry of Maine. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Circular no. 110. Dow, R.C., 1978. Size-selective mortalities of clams in an oil spill site. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 9, 45-48. Drake, D.E. & Cacchione, D.A., 1985. Seasonal variation in sediment transport on the Russian River shelf, California. Continental Shelf Research, |